内蒙古呼伦贝尔南部沙带植被恢复进程中土壤理化特性变化

为了解呼伦贝尔沙漠人工植被恢复进程对土壤理化性状的改善效应,论文选取呼伦贝尔沙地人工和自然状态下植被恢复的2个系列、7种样地类型开展研究。结果显示：1）随植被恢复年份的增加及流动沙丘向固定沙丘的演进,地上植被生物量、盖度显著增加;2）2个系列样地土壤有机C含量均随植被的发展而显著增加,土壤上层显著高于中、下层;3）土壤全N、全P含量表现出与土壤有机C基本一致的同向变化规律,土壤全K含量在各样地间、各土壤层间基本相当;4）土壤速效养分含量一定程度上也出现增加,但总体上表现出较大的波动性。人工植被恢复1~3 a内,土壤养分含量与流动沙丘基本相当,但当恢复到5 a以上后,地上植被的发展对土壤特性的改良呈现出较为显著的正效应,沙漠化逆转程度显著提高。然而,拥有更高植被盖度及生物量的8 a人工植被恢复样地,有机C、全N等含量却显著低于自然状态下的固定沙丘样地,可见,当地人工植被恢复的同时,更应注重自然植被的保护。     

Leaching of copper,chromium and arsenic in a soil of south west Victoria,Australia

The movement of copper, chromium and arsenic originating from samples of the wood preservative Tanalith® through mildly acidic, sandy loam soil was investigated. Small, undisturbed soil cores (of dimensions 15 × 15 × 15 cm) were removed from the topsoil of a paddock adjacent to the Glenelg River in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. The paddock soils were thin (<30cm) greyish brown, mildly acidic, sandy loams with a moderate organic carbon content (2–5%) overlying a limestone cap. Tanalith® was applied to the surface of the cores which were then irrigated with deionised water at approximately 30 mm day^‐1. Copper concentrations in all leachate remained at background levels throughout the experiment, and this element was found to be immobilised in the top 4 cm of the soil. Up to 29% of the applied dose of chromium was detected in the leachate, with breakthrough occurring within 20 days of Tanalith® application. Up to 13% ofthe applied dose ofarsenic was detected in the leachate, although in this case breakthrough was not observed until 25 days after Tanalith® application and leachate concentrations were still rising when the experiment came to a close. Significant concentrations of arsenic and chromium were found in the top 6 cm of the soil profile.     

西藏日喀则机场周边风沙源空间分布及近34年的演变趋势

通过大量野外调查与遥感数据人机交互式目视解译方法,运用3S技术,解译了日喀则机场周边9县1975年、1990年、2000年和2008年4期遥感数据,分析了风沙化土地的空间分布,以及近34 a风沙化土地的演变趋势。结果表明:2008年日喀则机场周边共有风沙化土地50 053.31 hm²,其中,日喀则市、南木林县、白朗县和仁布县所占比例为51.41%。距离机场40 km内风沙化土地面积为21 338.54 hm²,占沙地总面积的42.63％,主要分布在仁布大桥以西、年楚河与雅鲁藏布江交汇处以东,高寒河谷两岸的南木林县和日喀则市江当乡境内的季节性边滩、江心洲和山坡上。1975-2008年间风沙化土地呈缓慢增长趋势,共增长了13.57%,年均增长率为175.94 hm²/a。以1990-1999年风沙化土地扩展最快, 2000-2008年增长最慢。气温升高、空气相对湿润程度下降是造成风沙化土地进一步扩展、蔓延的主要原因。     

盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙漠化的影响

以盐池北部风沙区为研究区域,利用1989、1995、2000、2007年土地利用现状图,借助地理信息系统软件提取有关格局分析的基础数据,基于景观生态学原理,构造主要土地利用类型和沙地景观格局指数,探讨不同时段内盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙化景观的影响。结果表明：（1）沙地景观在1995年之前不断扩张,1995年以后开始减少,集中连片沙地被零星分布的小沙化斑块取代;（2）林地和草地经历了先减少后增大的过程,土地利用格局变化中,中、低覆盖度草地和灌木林地变动性大;中、低覆盖度草地、耕地、灌木林地不稳定性程度较高;（3）受农作活动影响,尤其在灌溉条件较好区域,草地沙化明显,而灌木林能起到很好的防沙作用;（4）盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局特征指标与沙地面积呈负相关,随着特征指标增大沙化面积减小。土地利用格局变化能够综合反映相应时段内的人类活动结果,以此为切入点研究其对沙漠化的影响,有利于揭示沙漠化的驱动机制。     

氨氮在饱水粉砂土和亚砂土层中吸附过程及其模拟

为在土地处理中选择合适保护土层厚度,防止ＮＨ４对地下水污染,通过动态土柱试验,了ＮＨ４在饱和粉砂土层和亚砂土层中的吸附和Ｃａｍｅｒｏｎ平衡＝动态吸附模型模拟了ＮＨ４在土层中的迁移过程,求得了不同土层和不同浓度条件下模型的各参数值,并求解出不同时刻,不同氨氮浓度条件下的沿程ＮＨ４浓度分布曲线。研究表明,在条件下,粉砂土和砂土的从向弥散系数分别为０．１７５和０．００９３ｃｍ＾２／ｍｉｎ;当水中氨氮浓度     

城市污泥和粉煤灰配施影响砂化土壤微生物区系的实验研究

目前,对利用城市污泥和粉煤灰改良土壤的研究大多集中在二者对土壤理化特性、作物产量以及重金属累积的影响等方面,而对土壤微生物区系进行研究的相对较少。为了了解城市污泥和粉煤灰改良砂化土壤对土壤微生物区系的影响,文章对包头试验田改良前后土壤微生物区系进行了比较,研究发现,刚刚改良后,土壤中微生物数量较对照组明显增加;在改良后的最初2个月内,细菌和放线菌的数量有所减少,真菌数量少量增加;改良后2～5个月内,改良后土壤中微生物数量较对照组增加幅度显著,细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别增加79.53%～589.76%,46.53%～270%,61.92%～143.59%,且微生物数量增加的幅度随着时间的延长,呈上升的趋势。     

Climate change and sandy land development in Qinghai Lake Watershed, China

The Qinghai Lake Watershed, containing the largest saline lake in northwest of China, has suffered from severe sandy land development in recent years. This paper analyzes its daily precipitation, temperature, and wind from 1958 to 2001, and the spatial and temporal distributions of sandy land through the interpretation of remote sensing images covering four years (1977, 1987, 2000, and 2004). Results showed that since the middle of the 1960s, the daily precipitation (P) of 0<P⩽5 mm decreased, while the P>20 mm increased significantly (S<0.05) in their annual total amounts and days. The maximum daily precipitation also increased significantly. Both the maximum dry spell and the total dry spell of more than ten days had a significant upward trend. Since the beginning of the 1960s, all the extremely high, extremely low and mean temperatures increased significantly (S<0.01), at a rate of 0.1°C/10a, 0.2°C/10a, and 0.2°C/10a, respectively. The days with extremely high temperature had a significant upward trend, while the days with extremely low temperature had a significant downward trend. The Qinghai Lake was significantly shrinking (S<0.01) and provided abundant sediments for Aeolian erosion. The NNW wind prevailed in the watershed, and the largest scale wind was from the west and concentrated on the dry months. As a result, the sandy land was mainly born on the east bank of Qinghai Lake. The total sandy land area in the watershed had grown from 587.4 km², 660.7 km², 697.6 km² to 805.8 km², accordingly, its area percentage growing from 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.4% to 2.7%, respectively.     

Cyhalofop‐p‐butyl mobility and distribution of residues in soil at various depths

This study was conducted to evaluate cyhalofop‐p‐butyl mobility in a sandy loam soil and subsequent distribution of residues at various depths under field conditions. Soil samples were taken from 0 to 150 cm depths at 3–90 d after rains in lysemeter of 1 and 2 m depths. Cyhalofop‐p‐butyl application at two rates and subsequent precipitation had a significant impact on soil, physico‐chemical properties and herbicide mobility. Precipitation caused substantial mobility of cyhalofop‐p‐butyl in the soil and 1.1–7.6 μg L^?1 of cyhalofop‐p‐butyl was found in leachates. Cyhalofop‐p‐butyl residues in the leachates were probably due to preferential flow through the soil. Cyhalofop‐p‐butyl residues were detected in significant amounts from the soil up to 10 d, later, residues were found below the detection limit but its three transformation products viz., cyhalofop acid, diacid, and phenol were detected.     

Solubility products of six metal‐glyphosate complexes in water and forestry soils,and their influence on glyphosate toxicity to plants

Abstract

The solubility products (K_sp) of 1:1 complexes of glyphosate, [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine], with Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺, were determined in buffered (pH 7.0) distilled water, moist Ottawa sand, sandy loam and clay loam soils, each adjusted to 0.02 M with respect to KNO₃. The K_sp values decreased in the order of Mg ? Ca > Mn > Zn > Cu > Fe, regardless of the medium in which they were determined. The constants measured in Ottawa sand were similar to those in water, but those in the forestry soils depended upon the type of metal ion involved. The values for the Mg, Ca, Mn and Zn complexes were about 2 to 3 times lower in sandy loam soil than those in water, but those in clay loam were about 3 to 10 times lower. The K_sp of the Cu and Fe complexes were similar to those in water regardless of the soil type used.

In a bioassay experiment using tomato plants, immersed in the saturated solutions of the complexes or planted in the sand and soils containing saturated solutions of the complexes, no mortality occurred although slight inhibition in growth was observed in all cases. The most soluble complexes of Mg and Ca caused the most reduction in plant height, while the least soluble complex of Fe caused little growth inhibition. The Zn, Cu and Mn complexes caused some growth inhibition depending on their K_sp values. The larger the solubility product, the greater the concentration of glyphosate ion in solution, and the greater the growth inhibition. In a similar experiment using white spruce seedlings, growth inhibition was insignificant over the 12‐d bioassay period.     

Mathematical prediction of imidacloprid persistence in two Croatian soils with different texture,organic matter content and acidity under laboratory conditions

In the present laboratory study, persistence of imidacloprid (IMI) as a function of initial insecticide concentration and soil properties in two Croatian soils (Krk sandy clay and Istria clay soils) was studied and described mathematically. Upon fitting the obtained experimental data for the higher concentration level (5 mg/kg) to mathematical models, statistical parameters (R ², scaled root mean squared error and χ ² error) indicated that the single first-order kinetics model provided the best prediction of IMI degradation in the Krk sandy clay soil, while in the Istria clay soil biphasic degradation was observed. At the lower concentration level (0.5 mg/kg), the biphasic models Gustafson and Holden models as well as the first-order double exponential model fitted the best experimental data in both soils. The disappearance time (DT₅₀) values estimated by the single first-order double exponential model (from 50 to 132 days) proved that IMI can be categorized as a moderately persistent pesticide. In the Krk sandy clay soil, resulting DT₅₀ values tended to increase with an increase of initial IMI concentration, while in the Istria clay soil, IMI persistence did not depend on the concentration. Organic matter of both experimental soils provided an accelerating effect on the degradation rate. The logistic model demonstrated that the effect of microbial activity was not the most important parameter for the biodegradation of IMI in the Istria clay soil, where IMI degradation could be dominated by chemical processes, such as chemical hydrolysis. The results pointed that mathematical modeling could be considered as the most convenient tool for predicting IMI persistence and contributes to the establishment of adequate monitoring of IMI residues in contaminated soil. Furthermore, IMI usage should be strictly controlled, especially in soils with low organic matter content where the risk of soil and groundwater contamination is much higher due to its longer persistence and consequent leaching and/or moving from soil surface prior to its degradation.